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【PHP】RSA非对称加密解密 PHP服务端与客户端交互或者提供开放API时，通常需要对敏感的数据进行加密，这时候rsa非对称加密就能派上用处了。举个通俗易懂的例子，假设我们再登录一个网站，发送账号和密码，请求被拦截了。密码没加密，那攻击者就直接拿到了密码，这是最搓的。密码加密了，是不可逆加密，那攻击者只需要模拟那个请求即可登录。密码加密了，是可逆加密，其中携带有时间等参数，后台可以根据时间等参数来判断是否有效，但因为是在前端加密，其加密方式也能在代码中找到，找到加密方式就可以得出解密方式。但是如果我们使用非对称加密就可以避免以上问题。非对称加密算法需要两个密钥来进行加密和解密，这两个秘钥是公开密钥（public key，简称公钥）和私有密钥（private key，简称私钥）。工作过程如下，甲乙之间使用非对称加密的方式完成了重要信息的安全传输。 乙方生成一对密钥（公钥和私钥）并将公钥向其它方公开。得到该公钥的甲方使用该密钥对机密信息进行加密后再发送给乙方。乙方再用自己保存的另一把专用密钥（私钥）对加密后的信息进行解密。乙方只能用其专用密钥（私钥）解密由对应的公钥加密后的信息。在传输过程中，即使攻击者截获了传输的密文，并得到了乙的公钥，也无法破解密文，因为只有乙的私钥才能解密密文。 同样，如果乙要回复加密信息给甲，那么需要甲先公布甲的公钥给乙用于加密，甲自己保存甲的私钥用于解密。在非对称加密中使用的主要算法有：RSA、Elgamal、背包算法、Rabin、D-H、ECC（椭圆曲线加密算法）等。下面我们通过一个例子来说明如何用PHP来实现RSA的加密解密。<?php class Rsa { public $privateKey = ''; public $publicKey = ''; public function __construct() { $resource = openssl_pkey_new(); openssl_pkey_export($resource, $this->privateKey); $detail = openssl_pkey_get_details($resource); $this->publicKey = $detail['key']; } public function publicEncrypt($data, $publicKey) { openssl_public_encrypt($data, $encrypted, $publicKey); return $encrypted; } public function publicDecrypt($data, $publicKey) { openssl_public_decrypt($data, $decrypted, $publicKey); return $decrypted; } public function privateEncrypt($data, $privateKey) { openssl_private_encrypt($data, $encrypted, $privateKey); return $encrypted; } public function privateDecrypt($data, $privateKey) { openssl_private_decrypt($data, $decrypted, $privateKey); return $decrypted; } } $rsa = new Rsa(); echo "公钥：\n", $rsa->publicKey, "\n"; echo "私钥：\n", $rsa->privateKey, "\n"; // 使用公钥加密 $str = $rsa->publicEncrypt('hello', $rsa->publicKey); // 这里使用base64是为了不出现乱码，默认加密出来的值有乱码 $str = base64_encode($str); echo "公钥加密（base64处理过）：\n", $str, "\n"; $str = base64_decode($str); $pubstr = $rsa->publicDecrypt($str, $rsa->publicKey); echo "公钥解密：\n", $pubstr, "\n"; $privstr = $rsa->privateDecrypt($str, $rsa->privateKey); echo "私钥解密：\n", $privstr, "\n"; // 使用私钥加密 $str = $rsa->privateEncrypt('world', $rsa->privateKey); // 这里使用base64是为了不出现乱码，默认加密出来的值有乱码 $str = base64_encode($str); echo "私钥加密（base64处理过）：\n", $str, "\n"; $str = base64_decode($str); $pubstr = $rsa->publicDecrypt($str, $rsa->publicKey); echo "公钥解密：\n", $pubstr, "\n"; $privstr = $rsa->privateDecrypt($str, $rsa->privateKey); echo "私钥解密：\n", $privstr, "\n"; 大家执行一下可以看到公钥加密的数据，只有私钥能解密，反之亦然，私钥加密的数据只有公钥能解码。这是PHP端的实现，可用在第三方跟平台之间的数据传输，但如果是前端传到后端该怎么办呢，搜索了一下，发现了这个库https://github.com/travist/jsencrypt使用jsencrypt加密解密的例子如下：<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>JSEncrypt Example</title> <base id="basetag" href="/jsencrypt-2.3.0/"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <script src="jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="bin/jsencrypt.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <script type="text/javascript"> // Call this code when the page is done loading. $(function() { // Run a quick encryption/decryption when they click. $('#testme').click(function() { // Encrypt with the public key... var encrypt = new JSEncrypt(); encrypt.setPublicKey($('#pubkey').val()); var encrypted = encrypt.encrypt($('#input').val()); console.log(encrypted) // Decrypt with the private key... var decrypt = new JSEncrypt(); decrypt.setPrivateKey($('#privkey').val()); var uncrypted = decrypt.decrypt(encrypted); console.log(uncrypted) // Now a simple check to see if the round-trip worked. if (uncrypted == $('#input').val()) { alert('It works!!!'); } else { alert('Something went wrong....'); } }); }); </script> <label for="privkey">Private Key</label><br/> <textarea id="privkey" rows="15" cols="65">-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDkaTKbAERvJGE0 jGsdPXUI1FpO1uDkBkuuQU4LRv0Quw9r8j+fVNkN9rZVXMV7MiGOgb80Z0k9zRxZ 5KWOqMnSlrpyO3WjhFpDJeSmqZ4wLMFwmxrr31AjabD5Nkf9dQ7RiEIuM49g27+M 3OFvdIPcLgCyXnkl8FwBceBs38QbCXY5MrwlZr13yWZnyj6fbbG8t4atAzJ6bnj3 FZuvynC3QnMaVi6YnTIlBOUOHtqt/jsUTOCWkwKqkZh+RZF2fx3IFkSpJAOMgT5p jSnfEJkK5E4JJHobLo/dFO0J7Gve+qb/lfJ9UpnZe78N1TAvbJiNZoN22ghbuIAW M5qqIqOzAgMBAAECggEBAItUJFtqoVQOpADy+s/+UirNpjzbVJmjwXyNN3cnmW0g PjsBrY+aqUCcUwLlMU2B+fg86w6jRokdWgL3t4m7Kkl8SkUuQgc5z/mP3tdPNkB6 vJDc/GIPeYnwidSrKOTSB/UGoiAesYJK6aCaiCV9tIWVxjUH7eyXnvf+qAChyrUW PG/FirLyYmz1yRG99VKKE+iEIzemGSswU0DI0bwTFQ0MunLeJf0EdT20XppNwnl4 uoRgOBpMkW02vxDDWke2YIpk128KFRtPE3zF7W+Prb3ifMuQHSqDdqTgZA5+G3A9 D+lwczy95+0mIBpJ8rKQGjJ51ZT5WVMET9+Hb9+nUIECgYEA9NluRzIi9tZxwQa2 KdU8WAtWZZQZfG18mSFg8/QYrAGF2TyLAW0mEIe7nQXxPzm50HdpxTJCkUrXGm3u hfPayx18H4oVVYRepSSfV+xe7wdogJWV6i5h/LaZsiTk1O8vF9Cwc3yUyVoMtKsg yVcsONOzo/Kg/vwejQJb1C8dNvMCgYEA7tAewjA25vDmfiWZ0lrWKlwGQZ97+pMU X+N12DWxL1Lvi6jBKXlK+Eiz19Qm/mBz9RxrDDY4/o0IjtTxdOh5thDaiqIcnqQn PiBpm7zbheZOlPBGjFJ1vwueIWvqbx9vcqHik/4xHwuFNwQ+YCSpVpVoqrgoN/h/ fX5+hKm1kEECgYEAzn69UZAICtLKNveZE+jBLqPJJnvjjpur1F1hLfzz/cR/BLnZ pcdOrew7Hu+PCTp+6kB7VJLRr0VF6gVCf3gsUta4AsVqvqeXRoF/XSB84+wEh0Ug nNKnUwEQ2DvjPW3G8rfOyGcN+E5YntogGY3KPtbUDvWmL8WjYlrV5Toi0l8CgYAQ Ujr37JGkAOzPzEQSA1FFvdpTm9G+U1T+JK6GI01DvbhPZC4nZnnAND/OTVqI4hCq vNF4GTCV/Q+Lq3QBGG5RCh/Vf7TTBscD0PVGxoZ+RTozpaQ8rNoNP38EK7ru80gL npK8qI+03nWxR+H3cin8l+N6X3GoOZyE+CMvb+XPwQKBgEeDjwTWxVhH/uksO3pw MgbHjauD6AjuW9jc2a7ngFCWSQxQ3+xK1Spn6pbVdLPiBgInxCIl8d6S1yFU0Uan iZHgy4fs1hdJRSuJ6qydqSwlS2C+gDpyY8ye0i+jq5VYYhKcpJCrCgaQGbleuaUd ldp7v1FD8uyeemknGA35f6Id -----END PRIVATE KEY-----</textarea><br/> <label for="pubkey">Public Key</label><br/> <textarea id="pubkey" rows="15" cols="65">-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA5GkymwBEbyRhNIxrHT11 CNRaTtbg5AZLrkFOC0b9ELsPa/I/n1TZDfa2VVzFezIhjoG/NGdJPc0cWeSljqjJ 0pa6cjt1o4RaQyXkpqmeMCzBcJsa699QI2mw+TZH/XUO0YhCLjOPYNu/jNzhb3SD 3C4Asl55JfBcAXHgbN/EGwl2OTK8JWa9d8lmZ8o+n22xvLeGrQMyem549xWbr8pw t0JzGlYumJ0yJQTlDh7arf47FEzglpMCqpGYfkWRdn8dyBZEqSQDjIE+aY0p3xCZ CuROCSR6Gy6P3RTtCexr3vqm/5XyfVKZ2Xu/DdUwL2yYjWaDdtoIW7iAFjOaqiKj swIDAQAB -----END PUBLIC KEY-----</textarea><br/> <label for="input">Text to encrypt:</label><br/> <textarea id="input" name="input" type="text" rows=4 cols=70>This is a test!</textarea><br/> <input id="testme" type="button" value="Test Me!!!" /><br/> </div> </body> </html>其中的公钥和私钥都是上面PHP代码中生成的，这边好像只有公钥加密，私钥解密。拿到其中打印出的加密后的数据，尝试在PHP中进行解密，可以看到也能解密成功。代码如下：<?php class Rsa { public $privateKey = '-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDkaTKbAERvJGE0 jGsdPXUI1FpO1uDkBkuuQU4LRv0Quw9r8j+fVNkN9rZVXMV7MiGOgb80Z0k9zRxZ 5KWOqMnSlrpyO3WjhFpDJeSmqZ4wLMFwmxrr31AjabD5Nkf9dQ7RiEIuM49g27+M 3OFvdIPcLgCyXnkl8FwBceBs38QbCXY5MrwlZr13yWZnyj6fbbG8t4atAzJ6bnj3 FZuvynC3QnMaVi6YnTIlBOUOHtqt/jsUTOCWkwKqkZh+RZF2fx3IFkSpJAOMgT5p jSnfEJkK5E4JJHobLo/dFO0J7Gve+qb/lfJ9UpnZe78N1TAvbJiNZoN22ghbuIAW M5qqIqOzAgMBAAECggEBAItUJFtqoVQOpADy+s/+UirNpjzbVJmjwXyNN3cnmW0g PjsBrY+aqUCcUwLlMU2B+fg86w6jRokdWgL3t4m7Kkl8SkUuQgc5z/mP3tdPNkB6 vJDc/GIPeYnwidSrKOTSB/UGoiAesYJK6aCaiCV9tIWVxjUH7eyXnvf+qAChyrUW PG/FirLyYmz1yRG99VKKE+iEIzemGSswU0DI0bwTFQ0MunLeJf0EdT20XppNwnl4 uoRgOBpMkW02vxDDWke2YIpk128KFRtPE3zF7W+Prb3ifMuQHSqDdqTgZA5+G3A9 D+lwczy95+0mIBpJ8rKQGjJ51ZT5WVMET9+Hb9+nUIECgYEA9NluRzIi9tZxwQa2 KdU8WAtWZZQZfG18mSFg8/QYrAGF2TyLAW0mEIe7nQXxPzm50HdpxTJCkUrXGm3u hfPayx18H4oVVYRepSSfV+xe7wdogJWV6i5h/LaZsiTk1O8vF9Cwc3yUyVoMtKsg yVcsONOzo/Kg/vwejQJb1C8dNvMCgYEA7tAewjA25vDmfiWZ0lrWKlwGQZ97+pMU X+N12DWxL1Lvi6jBKXlK+Eiz19Qm/mBz9RxrDDY4/o0IjtTxdOh5thDaiqIcnqQn PiBpm7zbheZOlPBGjFJ1vwueIWvqbx9vcqHik/4xHwuFNwQ+YCSpVpVoqrgoN/h/ fX5+hKm1kEECgYEAzn69UZAICtLKNveZE+jBLqPJJnvjjpur1F1hLfzz/cR/BLnZ pcdOrew7Hu+PCTp+6kB7VJLRr0VF6gVCf3gsUta4AsVqvqeXRoF/XSB84+wEh0Ug nNKnUwEQ2DvjPW3G8rfOyGcN+E5YntogGY3KPtbUDvWmL8WjYlrV5Toi0l8CgYAQ Ujr37JGkAOzPzEQSA1FFvdpTm9G+U1T+JK6GI01DvbhPZC4nZnnAND/OTVqI4hCq vNF4GTCV/Q+Lq3QBGG5RCh/Vf7TTBscD0PVGxoZ+RTozpaQ8rNoNP38EK7ru80gL npK8qI+03nWxR+H3cin8l+N6X3GoOZyE+CMvb+XPwQKBgEeDjwTWxVhH/uksO3pw MgbHjauD6AjuW9jc2a7ngFCWSQxQ3+xK1Spn6pbVdLPiBgInxCIl8d6S1yFU0Uan iZHgy4fs1hdJRSuJ6qydqSwlS2C+gDpyY8ye0i+jq5VYYhKcpJCrCgaQGbleuaUd ldp7v1FD8uyeemknGA35f6Id -----END PRIVATE KEY-----'; public $publicKey = '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA5GkymwBEbyRhNIxrHT11 CNRaTtbg5AZLrkFOC0b9ELsPa/I/n1TZDfa2VVzFezIhjoG/NGdJPc0cWeSljqjJ 0pa6cjt1o4RaQyXkpqmeMCzBcJsa699QI2mw+TZH/XUO0YhCLjOPYNu/jNzhb3SD 3C4Asl55JfBcAXHgbN/EGwl2OTK8JWa9d8lmZ8o+n22xvLeGrQMyem549xWbr8pw t0JzGlYumJ0yJQTlDh7arf47FEzglpMCqpGYfkWRdn8dyBZEqSQDjIE+aY0p3xCZ CuROCSR6Gy6P3RTtCexr3vqm/5XyfVKZ2Xu/DdUwL2yYjWaDdtoIW7iAFjOaqiKj swIDAQAB -----END PUBLIC KEY-----'; public function __construct() { } public function publicEncrypt($data, $publicKey) { openssl_public_encrypt($data, $encrypted, $publicKey); return $encrypted; } public function publicDecrypt($data, $publicKey) { openssl_public_decrypt($data, $decrypted, $publicKey); return $decrypted; } public function privateEncrypt($data, $privateKey) { openssl_private_encrypt($data, $encrypted, $privateKey); return $encrypted; } public function privateDecrypt($data, $privateKey) { openssl_private_decrypt($data, $decrypted, $privateKey); return $decrypted; } } $rsa = new Rsa(); // 使用公钥加密的内容 $str = 'IUMBGcLwJECdxUu3LMbeEhGQdoRjCLqFwfZQBO/Odh3tClbq76Tva7yYqTVxexXLmZ3uY8DrOk/XwcVVRr6g9rBnv/zxBxUShCdN0CwkoguvI+6Oju2aUBlM4FhUp+gmasa5YfqylEp1RpsVAp67GMGlxZvp0ekfhFXkjSqAguPd7dKq5YjftP12xOyuJHAzzg7U+eHxffxnneKqXkK7QrfQD6VrLpbYmayPSjMza/RbjXF+d85UeUZUaF25PZ7Y7kD4Yo7/hY/L6peeOkI5//tpl6U4QY9VsFsjAbIpNMsZuNjE/cZ57Kc5WScPsmy0o9wsp5DUEJmu+YYmr6adoA=='; $str = base64_decode($str); $pubstr = $rsa->publicDecrypt($str, $rsa->publicKey); echo "公钥解密：\n", $pubstr, "\n"; $privstr = $rsa->privateDecrypt($str, $rsa->privateKey); echo "私钥解密：\n", $privstr, "\n"; 参考资料百度百科：非对称加密： https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9D%9E%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86/9874417?fr=aladdin php加密扩展： https://www.php.net/manual/zh/book.openssl.php
